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1995-07-25
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397 lines
EEEELLLLMMMMAAAALLLLIIIIAAAASSSS((((1111LLLL))))UUUUSSSSEEEENNNNEEEETTTT CCCCoooommmmmmmmuuuunnnniiiittttyyyy TTTTrrrruuuusssstttt ((((EEEEllllmmmm VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 2222....4444)))) EEEELLLLMMMMAAAALLLLIIIIAAAASSSS((((1111LLLL))))
NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE
elmalias - expand and display Elm address aliases
SSSSYYYYNNNNOOOOPPPPSSSSIIIISSSS
eeeellllmmmmaaaalllliiiiaaaassss [ ----aaaaddddeeeennnnrrrrssssuuuuvvvvVVVV ] [ ----ffff format ] [ name ... ]
$_l_i_b/pppprrrrlllloooonnnngggg [ options ... ] < _f_i_l_e
DDDDEEEESSSSCCCCRRRRIIIIPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN
_E_l_m_a_l_i_a_s allows you to examine information about aliases.
The alias databases are consulted for each _n_a_m_e on the
command line, and the alias value is displayed, one value
per line of output. If _n_a_m_e is not a known alias, then it
is displayed unchanged. If no _n_a_m_e is given on the command
line then all alias values in the databases are displayed.
All of these actions are default behaviors that may be
modified by command line options.
There are two possible alias databases, a user-specific
alias file (usually in $_H_O_M_E/._e_l_m/_a_l_i_a_s_e_s) and a system-wide
alias file (usually in $_l_i_b/_a_l_i_a_s_e_s). By default both files
are searched, first the user-specific file and then the
system-wide file. If an alias file does not exist then
_e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s silently ignores it and continues on. The ----ssss and
----uuuu command line options (discussed shortly) can restrict
what files are files searched.
There are two types of aliases, Person aliases and Group
aliases. A Person alias expands to an individual address
and a Group alias contains a list of addresses, some of
which may be aliases. By default, _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s displays the
defined value of an alias, regardless of type. The ----eeee
command line option (discussed shortly) fully expands out
Group aliases.
The default output produced is just the ``Address''
information for each _n_a_m_e on the command line. A number of
command line options (discussed shortly) may be used to
select different output information or specify a format of
your choosing. The following information is maintained in
the alias databases, and may be accessed by the _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s
utility:
o+ Alias (the alias name)
o+ Last Name
o+ Name (the user's full name)
o+ Comment (not displayed in mail headers)
o+ Address (the alias value)
o+ Type (Person, Group, or Unknown)
When the _n_a_m_e specified on the command line is not a known
Page 1 (printed 7/15/95)
EEEELLLLMMMMAAAALLLLIIIIAAAASSSS((((1111LLLL))))UUUUSSSSEEEENNNNEEEETTTT CCCCoooommmmmmmmuuuunnnniiiittttyyyy TTTTrrrruuuusssstttt ((((EEEEllllmmmm VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 2222....4444)))) EEEELLLLMMMMAAAALLLLIIIIAAAASSSS((((1111LLLL))))
alias, both the ``Alias'' and ``Address'' information will
display as the _n_a_m_e, the ``Type'' information will display
as ``Unknown'', and all other items will be blank.
The available command line options are:
----aaaa Selects an alternative output format. The ``Alias''
information is displayed in addition to and preceding
the usual ``Address'' information.
----dddd Turns debugging on. Has no effect unless _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s was
compiled with debugging enabled.
----eeee Tells _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s to fully expand group aliases. This
option can be used only when _n_a_m_es are given on the
command line.
----ffff The output produced will be in the specified _f_o_r_m_a_t.
Format specifications will be discussed shortly.
----nnnn Selects an alternative output format. The ``Name''
information, if it exists, is displayed in addition to
and following the usual ``Address'' information. The
``Name'' will be enclosed in parenthesis.
----rrrr If a specified _n_a_m_e does not correspond to a known
alias then _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s will display a message and exit
with a nonzero status.
----ssss Normally _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s examines both the user-specific and
system-wide alias files. This option requests that
_e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s use the system-wide alias file, and unless the
----uuuu option is also specified the user-specific alias
file will be ignored.
----uuuu Normally _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s examines both the user-specific and
system-wide alias files. This option requests that
_e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s use the user-specific alias file, and unless
the ----ssss option is also specified the system-wide alias
file will be ignored.
----vvvv Selects a verbose output format. Both the ``Alias''
and the ``Name'' information will be displayed in
addition to the ``Address'' information. The ``Alias''
information will precede the ``Address'' information,
and the ``Name'' information will be enclosed in
parenthesis and follow it. If there is no ``Name''
information for this alias then that portion of the
output will be ignored.
----VVVV Selects a very verbose, multi-line output format.
Displays all available information on aliases.
Page 2 (printed 7/15/95)
EEEELLLLMMMMAAAALLLLIIIIAAAASSSS((((1111LLLL))))UUUUSSSSEEEENNNNEEEETTTT CCCCoooommmmmmmmuuuunnnniiiittttyyyy TTTTrrrruuuusssstttt ((((EEEEllllmmmm VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 2222....4444)))) EEEELLLLMMMMAAAALLLLIIIIAAAASSSS((((1111LLLL))))
The output produced by _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s is fully customizable with
the ----ffff option. The _f_o_r_m_a_t string uses a syntax similar to
_d_a_t_e(_1) (System V version) and _p_r_i_n_t_f(_3). The following
field descriptors may be used in _f_o_r_m_a_t specifications:
%a Alias (the alias name)
%l Last Name
%n Name (the user's full name)
%c Comment (not displayed in mail headers)
%v Address (the alias value)
%t Type (Person, Group, or Unknown)
Field widths in a [-][_m][._n] format (again, similar to
_p_r_i_n_t_f(_3)) may also be used. For example, "%-20.20a" means
print the ``Alias'' information left justified in a field
twenty characters long, with the value truncated to twenty
characters.
The following special character sequences are also
recognized in format specifications:
\b A backspace.
\f A formfeed.
\n A newline.
\r A return.
\t A tab.
\_c Literal character ``_c''.
There is a very simplistic conditional evaluation mechanism
that may be used in format specifications. The conditional
text should be surrounded by question marks, and a single
character that specifies the condition immediately follows
the first question mark. The condition characters
correspond to the ``%'' field specifier characters, and the
condition is true if the corresponding alias information is
defined and nonempty. For example, if you want to display
the ``Name'' information surrounded by parenthesis, but omit
it if the information is not available, you may use
``?n(%n)?'' in the format specification.
The command line switches that select an alternative format
correspond to the following format specifiers.
_d_e_f_a_u_l_t "%v"
-a "%-20.20a %v"
-n "%v?n (%n)?"
-v "%-20.20a %v?n (%n)?"
-V "Alias:\t\t%a\n\
Address:\t%v\n\
Type:\t\t%t\n\
?n Name:\t\t%n\n?\
?l Last Name:\t%l\n?\
Page 3 (printed 7/15/95)
EEEELLLLMMMMAAAALLLLIIIIAAAASSSS((((1111LLLL))))UUUUSSSSEEEENNNNEEEETTTT CCCCoooommmmmmmmuuuunnnniiiittttyyyy TTTTrrrruuuusssstttt ((((EEEEllllmmmm VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 2222....4444)))) EEEELLLLMMMMAAAALLLLIIIIAAAASSSS((((1111LLLL))))
?c Comment:\t%c\n?"
The _p_r_l_o_n_g utility formats long amounts of data, folding
across multiple lines. It is useful to reformat output of
_e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s. _P_r_l_o_n_g reads data from its standard input, one
line at a time, and tries to place as much information as
possible on each output line. A field seperator, by default
a single space, seperates each input record in the output
lines. Every output line is preceded by a leader field. By
default the leader of the first output line is an empty
string, and the leader for all subsequent output lines is a
single tab. _p_r_l_o_n_g will never split an input record. If an
input record exceeds the maximum output line length, it will
appear unmodified on an output line all by itself.
The following options may be used to modify the _p_r_l_o_n_g
behavior.
----wwww _w_i_d_t_h Constrains output lines to _w_i_d_t_h columns in
length (not counting an appended newline
character). The default is 78 columns. The
width calculation assumes that tabstops occur
every eight spaces.
----ffff _s_t_r_i_n_g Seperates each input record with the indicated
_s_t_r_i_n_g when displayed to the output. The
default is a single space.
----1111 _s_t_r_i_n_g Specifies the leader _s_t_r_i_n_g used for the first
line of output. (This option is the digit
``one''.) The default is an empty string.
----llll _s_t_r_i_n_g Specifies the leader _s_t_r_i_n_g for all subsequent
lines of output. (This option is a lower-case
``ell''.) The default is a single tab.
EEEEXXXXAAAAMMMMPPPPLLLLEEEESSSS
Consider an _a_l_i_a_s_e_s._t_e_x_t file that contains:
friends = List of Friends = tom, dick, harry
tom = Tom Smith = sleepy!tom
dick = Dick Jones = dopey!dick
harry = = grumpy!harry
Below are shown some example commands and the output
produced.
$ _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s _f_r_i_e_n_d_s
tom,dick,harry
$ _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s _m_i_k_e
mike
Page 4 (printed 7/15/95)
EEEELLLLMMMMAAAALLLLIIIIAAAASSSS((((1111LLLL))))UUUUSSSSEEEENNNNEEEETTTT CCCCoooommmmmmmmuuuunnnniiiittttyyyy TTTTrrrruuuusssstttt ((((EEEEllllmmmm VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 2222....4444)))) EEEELLLLMMMMAAAALLLLIIIIAAAASSSS((((1111LLLL))))
$ _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s -_r _m_i_k_e
elmalias: "mike" is not a known alias
$ _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s -_n _f_r_i_e_n_d_s
tom,dick,harry (List of Friends)
$ _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s -_a _f_r_i_e_n_d_s
friends tom,dick,harry
$ _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s -_V _f_r_i_e_n_d_s
Alias: friends
Address: tom,dick,harry
Type: Group
Name: List of Friends
Last Name: List of Friends
$ _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s -_e _f_r_i_e_n_d_s
tom@sleepy.acme.com
dick@dopey.acme.com
harry@grumpy.acme.com
$ _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s -_v_e _f_r_i_e_n_d_s
tom tom@sleepy.acme.com (Tom Smith)
dick dick@dopey.acme.com (Dick Jones)
harry harry@grumpy.acme.com
$ _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s -_f "_a_l_i_a_s %_a _i_s \"%_v\" ?_n(%_n)?" -_e _f_r_i_e_n_d_s
alias tom is "tom@sleepy.acme.com" (Tom Smith)
alias dick is "dick@dopey.acme.com" (Dick Jones)
alias harry is "harry@grumpy.acme.com"
$ _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s -_e_n _f_r_i_e_n_d_s | /_u_s_r/_l_i_b/_e_l_m/_p_r_l_o_n_g -_w_4_0
tom@sleepy.acme.com (Tom Smith)
dick@dopey.acme.com (Dick Jones)
harry@grumpy.acme.com
$ _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s -_e_n _f_r_i_e_n_d_s | /_u_s_r/_l_i_b/_e_l_m/_p_r_l_o_n_g -_1 "_T_o: " -_f ", " -_w_4_0
To: tom@sleepy.acme.com (Tom Smith),
dick@dopey.acme.com (Dick Jones),
harry@grumpy.acme.com
The _c_h_e_c_k_a_l_i_a_s(1L) and _l_i_s_t_a_l_i_a_s(1L) scripts distributed
with the Elm package provide further examples of the
_e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s and _p_r_l_o_n_g utilities.
AAAAUUUUTTTTHHHHOOOORRRR
Elm Development Group
SSSSEEEEEEEE AAAALLLLSSSSOOOO
checkalias(1L), elm(1L), listalias(1L), newalias(1L)
BBBBUUUUGGGGSSSS
There is no centralized, comprehensive interface to the Elm
2.4 alias system, so every program in the Elm suite that
uses aliases implements its own interfaces. It's possible
for inconsistencies to creep in between what _e_l_m_a_l_i_a_s says
and what some Elm utility does. If you find an
inconsistency please report it to us!
Page 5 (printed 7/15/95)
EEEELLLLMMMMAAAALLLLIIIIAAAASSSS((((1111LLLL))))UUUUSSSSEEEENNNNEEEETTTT CCCCoooommmmmmmmuuuunnnniiiittttyyyy TTTTrrrruuuusssstttt ((((EEEEllllmmmm VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 2222....4444)))) EEEELLLLMMMMAAAALLLLIIIIAAAASSSS((((1111LLLL))))
Boy, there sure are a lot of command line switches in this
thing.
Note that the precedence of aliases is user file then system
file. This means that a user can 'overload' an alias by
having one defined in the system file also defined in
theirs. This shouldn't turn out to be a problem, but is
something for the system administrator to keep in mind when
creating the system alias file.
BBBBUUUUGGGG RRRREEEEPPPPOOOORRRRTTTTSSSS TTTTOOOO
Syd Weinstein elm@DSI.COM (dsinc!elm)
CCCCOOOOPPPPYYYYRRRRIIIIGGGGHHHHTTTTSSSS
Copyright 1993 by The USENET Community Trust
Page 6 (printed 7/15/95)